Prepared by Verasight

June 2026 AI Survey

Survey results from a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18+.

1,690 respondents
June 18, 2026June 19, 2026
17 questions

Key Takeaways

Q1

AI Tool Awareness

Which of the following AI tools or models have you heard of?

Select all that apply.

(N = 1,690)
ChatGPT (OpenAI)
90%
Google Gemini
83%
Meta AI / Llama
67%
Microsoft Copilot
66%
Claude (Anthropic)
51%
Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)
51%
DeepSeek
31%
Perplexity
27%
None of the above
4%

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
ChatGPT (OpenAI)90%90%89%89%
Google Gemini87%84%81%81%
Meta AI / Llama63%64%69%70%
Microsoft Copilot68%65%64%67%
Claude (Anthropic)59%48%50%49%
Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)58%50%48%50%
DeepSeek39%29%30%27%
Perplexity29%30%28%19%
None of the above5%3%5%4%
Q2

Recent AI Tool Use

Which of the following AI tools or models have you personally used in the past 30 days?

Select all that apply.

(N = 1,622)

Shown if respondent has heard of at least one AI tool or model

Google Gemini
46%
ChatGPT (OpenAI)
45%
None — I have not used any AI tool in the past 30 days
28%
Microsoft Copilot
20%
Meta AI / Llama
11%
Claude (Anthropic)
9%
Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)
8%
Perplexity
4%
DeepSeek
3%

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Google Gemini55%46%46%38%
ChatGPT (OpenAI)53%52%43%32%
None — I have not used any AI tool in the past 30 days20%22%30%40%
Microsoft Copilot19%23%21%18%
Meta AI / Llama12%13%12%7%
Claude (Anthropic)13%10%8%4%
Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)13%7%5%7%
Perplexity4%5%5%3%
DeepSeek5%3%2%1%
Q3

Most-Used AI Tool

Which of the following AI tools or models have you used the most in the past 30 days?

(N = 1,158)

Shown if respondent has used at least one AI tool or model in the past 30 days

40%
39%
9%
4%
2%
2%
4%
0%
0%
ChatGPT (OpenAI)Google GeminiMicrosoft CopilotClaude (Anthropic)Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)PerplexityMeta AI / LlamaDeepSeekNone — I have not used any AI tool in the past 30 days

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
ChatGPT (OpenAI)37%47%36%33%
Google Gemini40%33%45%42%
Microsoft Copilot8%7%10%14%
Claude (Anthropic)7%4%2%2%
Meta AI / Llama5%4%3%3%
Grok (xAI / Elon Musk)2%2%1%4%
Perplexity0%2%2%2%
DeepSeek1%0%0%0%
None — I have not used any AI tool in the past 30 days0%0%0%0%
Q4

AI Usage Frequency

In general, how often do you use AI tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, or Copilot?

(N = 1,690)
17%
12%
20%
7%
9%
12%
24%
Several times per dayAbout once a dayA few times a weekAbout once a weekA few times a monthLess than once a monthNever

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Several times per day17%23%16%10%
About once a day16%11%11%10%
A few times a week22%20%19%17%
About once a week10%6%7%5%
A few times a month6%9%8%11%
Less than once a month12%12%12%14%
Never16%19%26%34%
Q5

Attitudes Toward AI

To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about AI?

(N = 1,690)
Total
Strongly agreeSomewhat agree
Somewhat disagreeStrongly disagree
Total
I feel anxious about the rise of AI60%
40%
I’m excited about the possibilities AI brings to my life47%
53%
I feel confident I can keep up with changes driven by AI51%
48%
AI will lead to fewer job opportunities in the future72%
28%
I trust AI tools to give me accurate information45%
55%
AI has made my daily life easier50%
50%
AI is having a positive impact on society overall41%
60%
AI threatens human connection and authentic relationships73%
28%
I worry about losing control over decisions that affect my life due to AI48%
52%

Demographic Crosstabs

I feel anxious about the rise of AI
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree45%40%33%40%
Somewhat disagree24%25%29%24%
Strongly agree21%19%22%24%
Strongly disagree10%17%16%11%
I’m excited about the possibilities AI brings to my life
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree39%37%35%31%
Somewhat disagree31%27%29%32%
Strongly disagree19%21%23%29%
Strongly agree11%16%13%8%
I feel confident I can keep up with changes driven by AI
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree48%43%38%33%
Somewhat disagree30%27%34%36%
Strongly disagree11%15%20%24%
Strongly agree10%15%9%7%
AI will lead to fewer job opportunities in the future
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree47%40%40%39%
Strongly agree25%32%31%33%
Somewhat disagree24%17%22%21%
Strongly disagree4%10%7%7%
I trust AI tools to give me accurate information
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree38%41%37%38%
Somewhat disagree37%29%34%35%
Strongly disagree20%21%22%24%
Strongly agree5%9%6%3%
AI has made my daily life easier
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree49%41%36%31%
Somewhat disagree22%24%29%32%
Strongly disagree17%22%26%29%
Strongly agree11%13%9%8%
AI is having a positive impact on society overall
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat disagree39%30%37%39%
Somewhat agree33%34%33%33%
Strongly disagree21%26%23%23%
Strongly agree6%10%7%5%
AI threatens human connection and authentic relationships
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree37%40%37%40%
Strongly agree36%30%36%34%
Somewhat disagree22%18%21%19%
Strongly disagree6%11%6%6%
I worry about losing control over decisions that affect my life due to AI
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat agree37%30%28%32%
Somewhat disagree32%31%29%29%
Strongly disagree19%24%25%19%
Strongly agree12%15%18%20%
Q6

AI Anxiety by Area

How much anxiety, if any, do you feel about AI’s implications in each of the following areas?

(N = 1,690)
A great deal of anxiety
Some anxiety
A little anxiety
No anxiety
Employment and job security
A great deal of anxiety
19%
Some anxiety
30%
A little anxiety
25%
No anxiety
26%
Privacy and personal data
A great deal of anxiety
33%
Some anxiety
33%
A little anxiety
21%
No anxiety
13%
Authenticity of information and media
A great deal of anxiety
33%
Some anxiety
34%
A little anxiety
20%
No anxiety
13%
Human relationships and social connection
A great deal of anxiety
29%
Some anxiety
31%
A little anxiety
22%
No anxiety
17%
Government and political decision-making
A great deal of anxiety
32%
Some anxiety
32%
A little anxiety
20%
No anxiety
16%
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A great deal of anxiety
25%
Some anxiety
31%
A little anxiety
25%
No anxiety
19%

Demographic Crosstabs

Employment and job security
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety39%31%27%23%
No anxiety12%22%32%36%
A little anxiety29%26%21%24%
A great deal of anxiety20%21%20%16%
Privacy and personal data
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety46%31%26%32%
A great deal of anxiety23%34%39%37%
A little anxiety20%21%22%20%
No anxiety10%15%14%12%
Authenticity of information and media
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety36%33%31%39%
A great deal of anxiety32%31%37%32%
A little anxiety19%22%20%18%
No anxiety13%14%12%11%
Human relationships and social connection
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety38%30%26%30%
A great deal of anxiety24%29%35%30%
A little anxiety27%22%21%20%
No anxiety11%19%19%20%
Government and political decision-making
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety40%34%25%30%
A great deal of anxiety23%30%37%39%
A little anxiety20%21%22%16%
No anxiety17%15%16%16%
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Some anxiety41%28%27%30%
A little anxiety31%25%22%24%
A great deal of anxiety18%26%30%25%
No anxiety10%21%22%22%
Q7

AI Excitement by Area

How excited, if at all, are you about AI’s potential benefits in each of the following areas?

(N = 1,690)
Very excited
Somewhat excited
Not very excited
Not at all excited
Work productivity
Very excited
14%
Somewhat excited
36%
Not very excited
28%
Not at all excited
22%
Healthcare and medicine
Very excited
20%
Somewhat excited
37%
Not very excited
23%
Not at all excited
19%
Education
Very excited
14%
Somewhat excited
32%
Not very excited
30%
Not at all excited
25%
Creative expression (art, writing, music)
Very excited
13%
Somewhat excited
27%
Not very excited
28%
Not at all excited
33%
Scientific research
Very excited
22%
Somewhat excited
39%
Not very excited
21%
Not at all excited
17%
Climate and environmental solutions
Very excited
15%
Somewhat excited
32%
Not very excited
28%
Not at all excited
26%

Demographic Crosstabs

Work productivity
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat excited46%37%31%32%
Not very excited25%25%28%34%
Not at all excited14%20%28%26%
Very excited15%18%14%9%
Healthcare and medicine
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat excited40%40%32%36%
Not very excited26%22%25%21%
Very excited18%20%21%22%
Not at all excited16%18%23%20%
Education
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat excited34%33%26%33%
Not very excited30%27%34%29%
Not at all excited25%23%25%27%
Very excited11%17%14%11%
Creative expression (art, writing, music)
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Not at all excited41%30%32%30%
Not very excited22%25%28%37%
Somewhat excited26%27%29%26%
Very excited11%18%12%8%
Scientific research
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat excited41%42%35%39%
Very excited14%24%23%25%
Not very excited28%19%21%18%
Not at all excited16%15%21%18%
Climate and environmental solutions
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat excited34%34%28%29%
Not very excited26%26%30%30%
Not at all excited27%24%28%26%
Very excited13%16%14%15%
Q8

Support for AI Regulations

To what extent do you support or oppose each of the following AI regulations?

(N = 1,690)
Total
Strongly supportSupport
OpposeStrongly oppose
Total
Requiring AI companies to publicly disclose the results of safety testing for their most powerful AI systems89%
11%
Requiring AI companies to have their most powerful AI systems reviewed by independent, third-party evaluators before deployment89%
12%
giving the federal government the authority to block the release of an AI system if it is found to pose a risk81%
19%

Demographic Crosstabs

Requiring AI companies to publicly disclose the results of safety testing for their most powerful AI systems
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Strongly support47%52%57%63%
Support36%36%33%33%
Oppose15%8%7%3%
Strongly oppose2%5%3%1%
Requiring AI companies to have their most powerful AI systems reviewed by independent, third-party evaluators before deployment
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Strongly support45%51%54%60%
Support39%35%37%34%
Oppose15%9%6%5%
Strongly oppose1%5%3%1%
giving the federal government the authority to block the release of an AI system if it is found to pose a risk
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Strongly support41%40%47%52%
Support39%37%35%32%
Oppose17%15%13%12%
Strongly oppose3%8%6%5%
Q9

AI-Related Concerns

To what extent are you concerned about each of the following?

(N = 1,690)
Very concerned
Somewhat concerned
Not at all concerned
AI being used to help develop biological or chemical weapons
Very concerned
48%
Somewhat concerned
39%
Not at all concerned
13%
AI leading to job loss
Very concerned
47%
Somewhat concerned
40%
Not at all concerned
13%
AI being used to launch large-scale cyberattacks on hospitals, power grids, or other critical infrastructure
Very concerned
51%
Somewhat concerned
39%
Not at all concerned
10%
AI systems acting in ways that humans can no longer control or shut down
Very concerned
46%
Somewhat concerned
39%
Not at all concerned
15%
AI accelerating the development of even more powerful AI in unpredictable ways
Very concerned
43%
Somewhat concerned
43%
Not at all concerned
14%
The United States falling behind China in AI development
Very concerned
25%
Somewhat concerned
40%
Not at all concerned
35%

Demographic Crosstabs

AI being used to help develop biological or chemical weapons
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Very concerned34%43%55%59%
Somewhat concerned51%40%34%33%
Not at all concerned15%17%12%8%
AI leading to job loss
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Very concerned44%45%50%47%
Somewhat concerned42%40%37%41%
Not at all concerned14%14%13%12%
AI being used to launch large-scale cyberattacks on hospitals, power grids, or other critical infrastructure
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Very concerned42%44%59%61%
Somewhat concerned49%42%32%33%
Not at all concerned9%14%9%6%
AI systems acting in ways that humans can no longer control or shut down
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Very concerned34%43%52%56%
Somewhat concerned51%38%38%30%
Not at all concerned15%19%10%14%
AI accelerating the development of even more powerful AI in unpredictable ways
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat concerned55%42%43%35%
Very concerned29%40%48%53%
Not at all concerned15%18%9%11%
The United States falling behind China in AI development
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat concerned35%38%40%48%
Not at all concerned49%40%30%24%
Very concerned16%22%31%29%
Q10

Motives Behind AI Proposals

AI companies have proposed regulations for the AI industry. Thinking about these proposals, which of the following best reflects your view?

(N = 1,690)
These proposals are primarily designed to protect the public — the companies are genuinely trying to prevent harm from AI
9%
These proposals are primarily designed to benefit the companies — by shaping regulations in ways that favor established players and block competition
43%
These proposals are equally motivated by public interest and company self-interest
15%
I'm not sure / I don't have enough information to say
33%

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
These proposals are primarily designed to protect the public — the companies are genuinely trying to prevent harm from AI10%9%9%8%
These proposals are primarily designed to benefit the companies — by shaping regulations in ways that favor established players and block competition53%43%39%39%
These proposals are equally motivated by public interest and company self-interest12%16%15%14%
I'm not sure / I don't have enough information to say24%32%37%38%
Q11

Trust to Judge AI Safety

If you had to pick, who do you trust more to determine whether the model is safe?

(N = 1,690)
I trust the U.S. government
30%
I trust the AI company, Anthropic
14%
I’m not familiar enough with the situation to have an opinion.
56%

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
I trust the U.S. government34%27%28%31%
I trust the AI company, Anthropic13%18%12%11%
I’m not familiar enough with the situation to have an opinion.53%55%60%58%
Q12

Authority Over AI Safety

Which of the following best reflects your general view on AI safety disputes between the government and AI companies?

(N = 1,690)
The government should generally have the final say, even if AI companies disagree
49%
AI companies should generally have the final say, since they understand the technology better than regulators
15%
I’m not sure
35%

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
The government should generally have the final say, even if AI companies disagree58%45%44%52%
AI companies should generally have the final say, since they understand the technology better than regulators19%17%14%12%
I’m not sure22%38%42%35%
Q13

Personal Finances vs. Last Year

How would you describe your own personal financial situation today compared to one year ago?

(N = 1,690)
7%
18%
44%
20%
10%
Much better offSomewhat better offAbout the sameSomewhat worse offMuch worse off

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Much better off5%8%8%7%
Somewhat better off27%16%18%16%
About the same44%41%43%47%
Somewhat worse off20%22%17%22%
Much worse off4%12%14%9%
Q14

Drivers of Financial Situation

To what extent has each of the following made your personal financial situation better or worse?

(N = 1,690)
Better
Worse
No Impact
President Trump’s policies
Better
19%
Worse
58%
No Impact
22%
Congressional Democrats
Better
12%
Worse
42%
No Impact
46%
Congressional Republicans
Better
17%
Worse
54%
No Impact
29%
The Federal Reserve
Better
10%
Worse
36%
No Impact
53%
AI Companies (e.g., OpenAI, Anthropic)
Better
12%
Worse
25%
No Impact
63%
Big Technology Companies (e.g., Amazon, Google, Meta)
Better
17%
Worse
31%
No Impact
52%
My own personal decisions
Better
46%
Worse
22%
No Impact
32%

Demographic Crosstabs

President Trump’s policies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Worse72%60%51%52%
No Impact18%23%28%20%
Better10%17%21%28%
Congressional Democrats
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
No Impact59%43%42%43%
Worse25%42%50%49%
Better16%15%7%8%
Congressional Republicans
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Worse58%57%46%54%
No Impact29%29%35%23%
Better13%14%19%23%
The Federal Reserve
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
No Impact56%50%53%56%
Worse31%41%38%33%
Better12%9%9%11%
AI Companies (e.g., OpenAI, Anthropic)
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
No Impact58%59%65%70%
Worse30%28%24%20%
Better12%13%11%10%
Big Technology Companies (e.g., Amazon, Google, Meta)
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
No Impact48%48%59%56%
Worse38%35%26%24%
Better13%18%15%20%
My own personal decisions
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Better47%41%45%53%
No Impact24%35%33%34%
Worse29%25%22%13%
Q15

Stock-Transfer Proposal (Sanders)

Recently, Senator Bernie Sanders proposed legislation that would require artificial intelligence companies to transfer 50% of their stock to a fund owned by the American public. Do you support or oppose this proposal?

(N = 841)

Randomized split-sample experiment: this half of respondents saw the proposal attributed to Senator Bernie Sanders. Compare with the unnamed-sponsor version.

24%
40%
21%
15%
Strongly supportSomewhat supportSomewhat opposeStrongly oppose

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Strongly support22%30%21%21%
Somewhat support47%39%40%36%
Somewhat oppose24%19%19%21%
Strongly oppose6%11%19%23%
Q16

Stock-Transfer Proposal (Unnamed)

Recently, a Senator proposed legislation that would require artificial intelligence companies to transfer 50% of their stock to a fund owned by the American public. Do you support or oppose this proposal?

(N = 849)

Randomized split-sample experiment: this half of respondents saw the identical proposal attributed only to “a Senator” (no name). Compare with the Sanders-attributed version.

21%
48%
20%
12%
Strongly supportSomewhat supportSomewhat opposeStrongly oppose

Demographic Crosstabs

Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Strongly support23%25%17%16%
Somewhat support58%44%49%46%
Somewhat oppose15%21%19%22%
Strongly oppose4%10%15%17%
Q17

Industries: More Good or Harm

For each of the following types of companies, please indicate whether you think they do more good than harm, more harm than good, or about equal amounts of both.

(N = 1,690)
Much more good than harm
Somewhat more good than harm
About equal good and harm
Somewhat more harm than good
Much more harm than good
Artificial intelligence companies
Much more good than harm
7%
Somewhat more good than harm
20%
About equal good and harm
37%
Somewhat more harm than good
19%
Much more harm than good
18%
Social media companies
Much more good than harm
4%
Somewhat more good than harm
12%
About equal good and harm
33%
Somewhat more harm than good
32%
Much more harm than good
19%
Pharmaceutical companies
Much more good than harm
10%
Somewhat more good than harm
25%
About equal good and harm
34%
Somewhat more harm than good
20%
Much more harm than good
11%
Casinos
Much more good than harm
3%
Somewhat more good than harm
7%
About equal good and harm
30%
Somewhat more harm than good
29%
Much more harm than good
31%
Prediction markets (e.g., Kalshi, Polymarket)
Much more good than harm
3%
Somewhat more good than harm
7%
About equal good and harm
37%
Somewhat more harm than good
27%
Much more harm than good
26%
Banks and financial institutions
Much more good than harm
8%
Somewhat more good than harm
30%
About equal good and harm
42%
Somewhat more harm than good
15%
Much more harm than good
5%
Oil and gas companies
Much more good than harm
7%
Somewhat more good than harm
18%
About equal good and harm
34%
Somewhat more harm than good
24%
Much more harm than good
16%
Tobacco companies
Much more good than harm
4%
Somewhat more good than harm
3%
About equal good and harm
19%
Somewhat more harm than good
23%
Much more harm than good
52%

Demographic Crosstabs

Artificial intelligence companies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
About equal good and harm40%38%35%35%
Somewhat more good than harm13%18%22%27%
Somewhat more harm than good19%18%19%17%
Much more harm than good19%18%16%16%
Much more good than harm8%7%7%5%
Social media companies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Somewhat more harm than good37%26%29%41%
About equal good and harm35%33%36%27%
Much more harm than good13%24%19%18%
Somewhat more good than harm12%11%12%11%
Much more good than harm3%7%4%3%
Pharmaceutical companies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
About equal good and harm38%38%32%29%
Somewhat more good than harm27%20%26%27%
Somewhat more harm than good20%19%19%21%
Much more good than harm11%8%10%13%
Much more harm than good4%15%14%9%
Casinos
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Much more harm than good38%28%28%32%
Somewhat more harm than good33%24%32%31%
About equal good and harm20%35%31%29%
Somewhat more good than harm6%9%7%6%
Much more good than harm3%4%2%2%
Prediction markets (e.g., Kalshi, Polymarket)
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
About equal good and harm32%40%39%35%
Somewhat more harm than good24%24%28%32%
Much more harm than good36%22%23%27%
Somewhat more good than harm5%12%6%5%
Much more good than harm3%3%4%2%
Banks and financial institutions
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
About equal good and harm41%44%41%41%
Somewhat more good than harm31%22%35%36%
Somewhat more harm than good18%17%11%14%
Much more good than harm9%8%6%7%
Much more harm than good2%7%7%2%
Oil and gas companies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
About equal good and harm35%37%35%29%
Somewhat more harm than good30%21%23%26%
Somewhat more good than harm12%14%23%25%
Much more harm than good16%21%13%12%
Much more good than harm7%8%6%7%
Tobacco companies
Response18-2930-4950-6465+
Much more harm than good48%50%48%61%
Somewhat more harm than good24%19%26%23%
About equal good and harm22%24%18%11%
Much more good than harm4%3%4%3%
Somewhat more good than harm2%4%4%2%

Survey Details

📋 1,690 United States adults 📅 June 18-19, 2026

Verasight collected data for this project from June 18-19, 2026. The sample consists of 1,690 United States adults.

The sampling criteria for this survey were:1. US resident2. Adult (age 18+)

The selection criteria for the final sample were:1. Passed all data quality assurance checks, outlined below

The data are weighted to match the May 2026 Current Population Survey on age, race/ethnicity, sex, income, education, region, and metropolitan status, as well as to a running three-year average of partisanship distributions from the Pew Research Center NPORS benchmarking surveys and population benchmarks of 2024 vote. The margin of sampling error, which accounts for the design effect and is calculated using the classical random sampling formula, is +/- 2.8%.

All respondents were recruited via email from the Verasight Community, which is composed of individuals recruited via random address-based sampling, random person-to-person text messaging, and dynamic online targeting. All Verasight community members are verified via multi-step authentication, including providing an SMS response from a mobile phone registered with a major U.S. carrier (e.g., no VOIP or internet phones) as well as within-survey technology, including verifying the absence of non-human responses with technologies such as Google reCAPTCHA v3. Those who exhibit low-quality response behaviors over time, such as straight-lining or speeding, are also removed and prohibited from further participation in the community. Verasight Community members receive points for taking surveys that can be redeemed for Venmo or PayPal payments, gift cards, or charitable donations. Respondents are never routed from one survey to another and receive compensation for every invited survey, so there is never an incentive to respond strategically to survey qualification screener questions.

To further ensure data quality, the Verasight data team implements a number of post-data collection quality assurance procedures, including confirming no duplicate respondents, verifying the absence of non-human responses, and removing any respondents who failed in-survey attention and/or straight-lining checks. Respondents that completed the survey in less than 30% of the median completion time were removed.

Unmeasured error in this or any other survey may exist. Verasight is a member of the American Association for Public Opinion Research Transparency Initiative.